Malnutrition（营养不良）
Malnutrition is a disorder of your food intake.
营养不良是一种与食物摄入有关的健康问题。
It occurs when a person eats too little or too much, or has an unbalanced diet. In most cases, malnutrition means undernourishment, a lack of food and not enough calories. It is widespread in developing countries.
当一个人吃得过少或过多，或者饮食不均衡时，就会出现营养不良。在大多数情况下，营养不良指的是营养不足，即缺乏食物和热量摄入不够。这在发展中国家非常普遍。
On the other side, obesity occurs in developed countries where people eat too much. According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is one of the greatest dangers to global health. Currently, about one billion people around the world do not have enough to eat.
另一方面，在发达国家，人们吃得过多，导致肥胖问题。根据世界卫生组织的数据，营养不良是对全球健康最大的威胁之一。目前，全世界约有十亿人没有足够的食物。
When does malnutrition occur（营养不良何时发生）
Malnutrition happens when people lack nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Not enough protein can have negative effects on a person’s growth and lead to physical problems. Vitamins are important for good health and the functioning of your body. A lack of them can cause major problems. Vitamin A deficiency can affect the brain and lead to a lower IQ rate. It can make children less active and not able to concentrate.
当人们缺乏营养素、维生素和矿物质时，就会发生营养不良。蛋白质摄入不足会对人的生长发育产生负面影响，并引发身体问题。维生素对维持身体健康和身体机能至关重要，缺乏会导致严重问题。例如，缺乏维生素A会影响大脑发育，降低智商水平，使孩子变得不活跃，难以集中注意力。
It affects the transmission of viruses, including HIV. It is especially widespread among women, children and older people. Children can be at risk even before birth because they depend on the mother’s nutrition.
它还会影响病毒传播，包括艾滋病毒。营养不良在妇女、儿童和老年人中尤为普遍。儿童甚至在出生前就可能面临风险，因为他们依赖母亲的营养供给。
One in ten people around the world is malnourished. Eating disorders account for 60 million deaths a year, including six million children. It is the main cause of child mortality.
全球每十个人中就有一人营养不良。饮食失调每年造成6000万人死亡，其中包括600万儿童。它是儿童死亡的主要原因。
Causes of malnutrition（营养不良的成因）
One of the major causes of malnutrition in developing countries is famine and drought, which lead to the unavailability of food. Many countries in the Third World do not have enough land to grow food on or do not know how to use it. They do not have the money to afford imported food. In other countries, the government neglects the importance of agriculture and does not help farmers.
发展中国家营养不良的一个主要原因是饥荒和干旱，这导致食物匮乏。许多第三世界国家没有足够的土地种植粮食，或者不知道如何有效利用土地。他们也没有钱购买进口食品。还有一些国家的政府忽视农业的重要性，未能给予农民支持。
In places with a lack of or dirty drinking water, diseases like diarrhea lead to indigestion of food. Digestive disorders may also be a cause of malnutrition. People eat properly but their body cannot digest the food. In the Third World, many others do not breastfeed their children, thus weakening the immune system.
在饮用水缺乏或不干净的地区，腹泻等疾病会导致消化不良。消化系统疾病也可能是营养不良的原因之一。即使人们正常进食，但身体无法吸收营养。此外，在第三世界国家，许多母亲不母乳喂养孩子，从而削弱了孩子的免疫力。
Signs of malnutrition（营养不良的迹象）
- decaying teeth（蛀牙）
- poor growth（发育不良）
- weight loss（体重下降）
- fragile bones that break easily（易骨折的脆弱骨骼）
- weakening of muscles（肌肉无力）
- diarrhea（腹泻）
- dizziness（头晕）
Depression & Obesity（抑郁与肥胖）
In developed countries, obesity is the most widespread form of malnutrition. Obese people consume more calories than they need. This may lead to diabetes and contribute to heart problems and high blood pressure. Too much fat in your diet can lead to high cholesterol levels.
在发达国家，肥胖是最普遍的营养不良形式。肥胖者摄入的热量超过身体所需，这可能导致糖尿病，并增加心脏病和高血压的风险。饮食中脂肪过多还可能导致胆固醇升高。
Solutions and Treatment（解决方案与治疗）
One way to help avoid malnutrition is to enrich food with vitamins. For example, milk is enriched with Vitamin D. In Third World countries, schools must try to teach children the right eating habits and emphasize eating vegetables and fruit. Governments and other institutions must do their part in educating the population to eat the right things. The World Health Organization and other groups try to help the poorest of these countries with financial aid and other support.
避免营养不良的一种方法是为食物添加维生素。例如，牛奶中强化了维生素D。在第三世界国家，学校应努力教导孩子正确的饮食习惯，强调多吃蔬菜和水果。政府和其他机构也应承担起教育民众合理膳食的责任。世界卫生组织等组织正通过财政援助和其他方式帮助这些最贫困的国家。